68. FR. JUAN SEVERINO MALLARI...A CRIME MASTERMIND OR VICTIM OF INJUSTICE?

 

Details of Calligraphic Works of Fr. Juan Severino Mallari
(Archdiocese of Manila Archives)

Questions lingering on your mind regarding Fr. Juan Severino Mallari? Or curiosities arose regarding to the celebrated priest of Magalang, Pampanga? In my last post in this blog entitled, "The Serial Killer Priest of Magalang", you already read about the life of Fr. Mallari based on the initial documentation done by the late Dr. Luciano P.R. Santiago and later by Mr. Robby P. Tantingco. This post will provide perspectives to the different circumstances surrounding the life of Fr. Mallari especially during the killings that occurred in Magalang and his execution using different historiographical materials culled from archives and libraries in the Philippines. 

1. When Fr. Mallari was born?

Fr. Mallari was born on January 8, 1785, in Macabebe, Pampanga and he belonged to the ancient Kapampangan family from Macabebe and Guagua. His family is said to be religious and major benefactors of the church. 

2. Where Fr. Mallari took his education?

He obtained his philosophy degree from the University of Santo Tomas around 1800 and his theology degree from San Carlos Seminary in 1805. He was the classmate of another accomplished Kapampangan priest, Fr. Anselmo Fajardo. He was ordained in 1809 by Archbishop Juan Antonio Zulaybar. 

3. Where he was assigned?

Based on the records culled from the Archdiocese of Manila Archives, Fr. Mallari was assigned as coadjutor (assistant parish priest) in the towns of Gapang, Lubao, and Bacolor. He initially competed for Port of Cavite but the position went to Fr. Thomas Aquino Suares. He later competed for the curacy of Mariveles, Bataan however, the position was granted to Fr. Gregorio de Aragon. Finally, on March 26, 1813, Fr. Mallari was finally granted to him the curacy of Magalang, Pampanga beating two other candidates in terna, Fr. Leoncio Tionson and Fr. Julian Francisco Gavino. He succeeded Fr. Atanacio Mariano. 

4. What is the description of Magalang in 1813?

Magalang in those times was larger in terms of land area including the present town of Concepcion, Tarlac. The town center was located in barrio San Bartolome with lush and green scenery due to the presence of several trees and in addition to the irrigated rice lands. It was surrounded by several small creeks and it was approximately nearer to the larger Parua River. Mt. Arayat or Bunduc Alaya as mentioned by Fr. Mallari on his planes de almas is visible from the midst. There are no available records pertaining to the structure of the church but a pastoral visit report in 1827, a year after the arrest of Fr. Mallari provided some details pertaining to the church structure. The church was made up of tabique pampango bamboo and sawali. Its roof was made up of anahao leaves. It has one retablo mayor and retablo menor located in the baptistry. The church was later renovated by the successive priests until its abandonment in 1863 when the colonial government ordered the eventual transfer of Magalang to the present site and the formal creation of the new town of Concepcion (Tarlac). The former site was later known as balen melacuan (forsaken town) and it was reestablished as barrio San Bartolome, now part of Concepcion, Tarlac.  

5. What are the activities of Fr. Mallari in Magalang?

Aside from serving his parishioners, Fr. Mallari is also a talented calligrapher. His calligraphic works in annual planes de almas show his artistry through his sketches of different objects such as flowers, birds, angels, and other reliefs. Fr. Mallari is very close to his mother and he allowed his immediate family members to stay in Magalang. In those times, the immediate family of the cura are also considered members of the local elite. Later, his brother was elected as gobernadorcillo (mayor) of Magalang. 

6. What really happened on the bloodiest day of 1825? 

On December 4, 1825, the mother of Fr. Mallari died. However, prior to the death of Fr. Mallari's mother, there are already reported mysterious cases of murders in the town. In a report dated December 20, 1825, the families of the five victims pinpointed the crime to the Mallari brothers and their accomplices because the victims were accused by the alleged perpetrators of cursing their ailing mother. As result of this bloodbath, the alcalde mayor ordered the arrest of two brothers and their accomplices. It also ordered the relieving of his gobernadorcillo brother from the post and will conduct new elections for the gobernadorcillo post. The report also mentioned that the authorities further implicated Fr. Mallari in different crimes such as theft and concealment of other criminals. In 1826, Fr. Mallari, his brother, and other accomplices were arrested and they brought to carcel or jail in Bacolor. In 1840, Fr. Mallari was executed by hanging in Manila. 

Conclusion

In 1771, the Augustinian friars were expelled from their parishes in Pampanga and they were replaced by the secular Kapampangan priests. As mentioned by Santiago in his other works there are already native priests specifically from Pampanga are competent enough to assume church responsibilities. When the native clergy assumed the vacant parishes, they also realized not only wider responsibilities but also expanded power and influence over the pueblos. In the case of Fr. Mallari, wherein he wields power and influence over the town of Magalang, it also extended to his immediate family wherein they are had a say in terms of church and political affairs. In an article written by the Spanish chronicler Sinibaldo de Mas he made the case of Fr. Mallari sensational as he exaggeratedly claimed that he murdered 57 of his parishioners. In the reports of the vicar forane and alcalde mayor of Pampanga didn't specify of what method of killings was done to the five victims. It is possible that the crime wasn't directly done by Fr. Mallari or his brother, but probably they employed henchmen from their accomplices to execute the killings.  However, the standing issue of secularization is still lingering in those times. The regulars particularly the Augustinians wanted their parishes back from the native priests and possibly the case of Fr. Mallari was sensationalized because they wanted to show that the native priests were incompetent to run the parishes. It is possible that the killings were intentionally done by Fr. Mallari and his family to become richer and powerful? Or the cases filed against him and his family are politically motivated to give chance to the Augustinians to bring back their lost parishes? 

Primary Sources:

Asuntos del Cabildo Eclesiastico, Ternas (1806-1824), Archdiocese of Manila Archives. 

Pampanga, (1826) Sobre las violentas muertes de cinco individuos ocurridas en el pueblo de Magalang. Philippine National Archives. 

Sta Visita de las Iglesias y Casas Parroquales, (1812, 1816, 1827-1828), Archdiocese of Manila Archives. 

Secondary Sources:

Santiago, Luciano P.R. (2022) The Ascent of Mount Arayat, P. Anselmo Jorge Faxardo, The Father of Kapampangan Literature and Trailblazer of the Filipino Theater, Angeles City, Holy Angel University Press, pages  75-77. 

Santiago, Luciano P.R. (2002) The Kapampangan Pioneers, Angeles City, Holy Angel University Press. 

66. LUBENAS OF MAGALANG

Lubenas Procession

When nine days before Christmas came, we are expecting that there is procession of star shaped colorful lanterns made of papel de japon, bamboo frames and they are enlightened by battery fed lights or candles. These colorful lanterns are community based projects wherein the members of the community are helping each other to make colorful lanterns. The colorful Lubenas is held every December 19-24, the same period when the faithful are attending the nine day Simbang bengi or Misa de Gallo. The term Lubenas is the corruption of the word novena means nine (representing the nine days of simbang bengi). 

Lubenas is a land based procession wherein the head of the procession are made up of a cross and two rows of star lanterns mounted on bamboo poles accompany the andas or carroza bearing the patron saint's image. The lanterns, five to seven of them of each row are carried by boys or men. Marching behind the carroza is the local choir or singer singing "Dios te Salve" accompanied by brass band or guitarist. Every December 16-24, barangays hold simultaneous lantern processions in their respective areas. Before the Misa de Aguinaldo or Christmas eve mass, lantern processions from barangays converge in the church patio creating a wonderland of hundreds of lanterns of various shapes and colors. Then, their processional images were brought inside the church during the entrance procession of the priest. This event is called maytinis.  

Lubenas before Maytinis

Prior to 1830s, Lubenas is already existing as mentioned by the Angeles based historian Mariano A. Henson. This tradition was believed to be originated from the town of Bacolor wherein they already practicing the tradition of lighting religious lanterns during La Naval celebrations (held in November). Because of proximity of La Naval to Christmas, the same lanterns are used to line the procession were most likely retained for the Christmas season. 

The tradition of Lubenas had very much meaning to Magaleños. It shows their tendency to do everything in excess; one suffering having to wake up in the wee hours to attend nine consecutive simbang bengi (dawn masses) is obviously still not enough penitence for Magaleños to prepare their souls for Christmas, they also add suffering staying up late at night before to attend a procession that requires them to walk great distances. Instead of using candles, they have to hoist multi-colored lanterns which are illuminated from within. 

Aside from Magalang, this colorful Lubenas is also practiced in the various towns and cities of Angeles, Mabalacat Mexico and San Fernando in Pampanga. The towns of Capas and Concepcion in Tarlac is also practicing Lubenas. Due to extensive promotion and safeguarding of this Lubenas, last 2018, Magalang was awarded 1st placer in Best Practices on Community Based Responsible Tourism. In the same year also, Magalang was also the first awardee of the Philippine Heritage Awards for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. 

Photo Credits:

Ayrene Lugay de Dios

sunstar.com.ph

Source:

Kapampangan Folk, The Power and Glory; Singsing; Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City, Philippines. 

 

65. MINERALS NATIVE TO MAGALANG AND PAMPANGA

 

Magaleño Youth in an Unknown Cave

In the light of the current issue of cleaning and beautification of Buyuc ning Menila (Manila bay) including the dumping of crushed dolomite quarried from Cebu, there are several studies published by Philippine Journal of Science of the Bureau of Science (forerunner of the present Department of Science and Technology) tells about the minerals quarried and used in different infrastructure projects during those times. In Pampanga, we are lucky that we have different minerals sources thanks to the pre-historic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. 

Way back to the Spanish period, various structures of the old buildings such as large and beautiful churches are made up wood, sand and stone which are quarried from Porac, Pampanga. The heritage church of San Bartolome Parish is one of the best examples, its stone buttresses are made up of large stones quarried from Porac. When the Americans established its presence in the Philippines, they launched various scientific studies in order to know of what are the natural resources that can be economically exploited for the benefit of their interests. One of them is the minerals found in the Philippines either precious or non precious minerals. 

According to a study published by Philippine Journal of Science in 1907, there is a presence of white siliceous clay in barrio San Agustin. This kind of clay is one of the examples of building materials. Possibly, this clay is found in Sapa Masalibusud known today as Dapa Creek. Sand is also abundant in Quitangil riverb and it is made up of volcanic material. It was used as one of the building materials in the construction of Magalang Municipal Building in 1923. Gravel was also abundant in Paitan riverbank and it is classified as Seoriacious basalt, used also as one of the building materials in the construction of the municipal hall. 

Aside from Magalang, there is abundant sources of sand in other parts in Pampanga. In Angeles, there is a abundance of sand in Abacan river. In Mexico, there is also a significant presence of sand in barrio Sto Rosario and town of Sta Ana particularly in barrio San Agustin. Floridablanca has also recorded significant source of sand in Valdez river. 

When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991, the towns of Porac and Bacolor are the most affected towns during the eruption. However after the unforgettable tragedy, these towns emerged as one of the source of construction sand, and it is one of their income generators not only to their municipality but also to the province also. Magalang's last known quarry operation was located in barrio La Paz formerly owned by the late Cecilio T. Manalili. It was totally ceased operations around 2000s. 

Pampanga is still one of the preferred sources of construction sand and gravel. Despite of traumatic experience caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, it also gave a thriving and income generating industry which will uplift the lives of Kapampangans. 

Photo Credits:

Angeles University Foundation- Institute of Kapampangan Studies

Sources:

Aguilar, R.H. (1927) Concrete Value of Philippine Sand, Gravel and Crushed Stone, The Philippine Journal of Science, Bureau of Science, Manila 

Cox, Alvin J. (1907) The Occurrence, Composition and Radioactivity of the Clays from Luzon, Philippine Islands, The Philippine Journal of Science, Bureau of Science, Manila

64. SAN BARTOLOME PARISH CHURCH OF MAGALANG

 

San Bartolome Parish Church, 1963

If you are going to the town proper of Magalang, this structure is one of the revered heritage structures that you aren't must be missed. San Bartolome Parish Church or locally known as pisamban maragul is one of the heritage churches has the Baroque design and architecture. Before this magnificent church was built, the parish itself was established in April 30, 1605 by the Augustinian friars in Macapsa. The town proper was eventually transferred to San Bartolome (now part of Concepcion, Tarlac) in 1734. Due to difficult conditions of the parish brought by natural calamities and underdevelopment, in 1740, the priors of Bacolor and Mexico were asked to pay 20 pesos each while the priors of Candaba and Guagua were also asked to pay 10 pesos for the support of the convent of Magalang. This support was lasted until 1762. 

The new church was built during the administrations of Fr. Martin Mendiguren, OSA (1735), Fr. Manuel Obregon, OSA (1744) and Fr. Agustin Galceran, OSA (1745). In a report by the pastoral visit of  Archbishop Jose Segui, OSA to Magalang in 1831, the structure of the church was made up of wood with a roofing made up of anahaw leaves. In 1858, a large flood swept the whole town due to overflowing of Parua River which brought by the continuous torrential rain. In 1860, a Royal Decree was promulgated, creating the new town of Concepcion composed of barrios of Magalang located on the northern bank of Parua River. Until 1863, the forced evacuation was enforced and Magalang was transferred to the present site. The new town of Concepcion was still spiritually dependent to Magalang until 1866. 

In 1866, Fr. Ramon Sarrionandia, OSA laid the foundations of the new church on the land donated by Don Cristobal Lacson. In 1875, Fr. Baltasar Gamarra, OSA finished the facade and the bell tower. Fr. Fernando Vasquez, OSA laid the finishing touches and installed two large bells casted by Hilario Sunico which they have beautiful tones. In 1892, Fr. Toribio Fanjul, OSA renovated the flooring and the church sacristy. During the revolutionary years, the church particularly the convent was converted into a prison by the revolutionaries. It was there that Spanish prisoners including Fr. Antonio Redondo, OSA the last Augustinian parish priest of San Fernando were incarcerated. In November 5, 1899, the Americans led by Major General Arthur MacArthur (father of Gen. Douglas MacArthur) and Col. Jacob H. Smith (who later implicated in the infamous Balangiga Massacre) captured the town. A brief battle was held within the vicinity of the church which led to its eventual occupation. The 25th Infantry and 41st Infantry of US Army established quarters in the convent until 1901. During Japanese period, the bell tower was made into an observational post by the Japanese and later by the Americans. 

In 1950, the retablo menores were renovated and large images of Sacred Heart of Jesus and Immaculate Heart of Mary, donated by Dr. Andres J. Luciano were installed. In 1952, major renovations of the church were implemented during the administration of Rev. Fr. Pedro N. Magtoto. In 1978, the old convent and the bell tower were renovated during the administration of Rev. Fr. Odon T. Santos. He also installed wooden stations of the cross within the church premises. In 1998, the parish with the generous assistance from Tancungco family initiated the installation of galvanized iron dome on the bell tower. In 2002, Rev. Fr. Raul de los Santos reconstructed the old altar and he initiated renovations on the convent, sacristy and baptistery. In 2007, Rev. Fr. Venancio D. Viray constructed a new covered court and repainted the church. During the incumbency of Rev. Fr. Mario Sol M. Gabriel, he initiated the reconstruction of the old retablo in 2014. He also constructed steel fences around the church, mechanized the old church bells constructed a columbarium and renovated the existing gazebo. He also renovated the Old Catholic Cemetery after decades of neglect and damage. He also initiated the enshrinement of a first class relic of San Bartolome Apostol, the first parish in the Philippines under the patronage of the apostle who received its sacred relic. In 2015, the National Museum of the Philippines bestowed the church as one of the Important Cultural Properties in the Philippines. In 2019, an earthquake struck in Central Luzon resulted in major damages. The bell tower had cracks and the parish decided to suspend indefinitely the ringing of the bells to preserve its structural integrity. 

Photo Credits:

Capagmausuian Qng Aldo Pangasilang ning Magalang, Diciembre 28-29, 1963.  

Sources:

Bartolo, Louie Aldrin L. and Dizon, Lino L., The Magalang Book: The Historical Life and Culture of a Kapampangan Town (1605-2015), Manila (2016), National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Dizon Lino L., 2008, Alaya, Kapampangan Research Journal; Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City

60. HERITAGE TOMBSTONES OF MAGALANG

Old Stone Arc of Cementerio Catolico de Magalang 

This coming November 1, we will celebrate the lives of our love ones. By offering them fresh flowers, candles and off course, prayers for their souls. In Magalang, its first Catholic Cemetery was established in 1866 along with the San Bartolome Parish Church. The said first cemetery was located in the present Acejo property in barrio San Pedro I. In 1895, Fray Faustino Diez, OSA obtained permission from the Archdiocese of Manila to transfer the cemetery to the present site in barrio San Pedro II. He utilized parish funds for the construction of the wall enclosure measuring one meter and fifty centimeters. The stones used in the construction of the walls was quarried inside the new site. In 1896, the new cemetery was finished and the new parish priest Fray Jose Rodriguez Prada, OSA requested Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, OP to bless the new cemetery. 

In 1904,  the Municipal Cemetery was established next to the Catholic Cemetery. Interestingly, the Catholic Cemetery had so many tombstones, that the members of the Magalang elite owned and maintained in those times. However, due to overcrowding, the remains of their departed are transferred to more spacious Magalang Memorial Park or in other cemeteries. Recently, the Catholic Cemetery is rehabilitated, and some of the heritage tombstones are already demolished, to give way for the construction of modern columbarium. However, there are some heritage tombstones are retained, to give us the glimpse of the rich past not only of the cemetery, but also to the town itself. In my recent visit to the Catholic Cemetery, there are some remaining tombstones that have been retained or probably, waiting for their demolition anytime:

Mausoleum of Baluyut-Magdangal Family 

This chapel type mausoleum, where the spouses Atanacio M. Baluyut, a schoolteacher and municipal president of Magalang (1928-1931) and Esperanza Magdangal de Baluyut, also a schoolteacher buried. 

Tombstone of Bondoc-Indiongco Family

This tombstone where the remains of Teodora B. Vda de Indiongco are located. Alongside with her Guevarra family relatives. Teodora is one of the children of Prudencio Paras Bondoc, a former landowner and later, first station manager of pre-war, Dau-Magalang railway line. 

Tombstone of Cruz Spouses

This Black Nazarene inspired tombstone, was formerly owned by the Gueco-Liwanag family. It was Don Paulino Gueco, former gobernadorcillo (mayor) of Magalang and his wife, Doña Miguela Paras Liwanag initially buried in this tomb. Their daughter Angela and a niece, Angela Gueco Mercado also buried here before. When the Guecos transferred the remains of their forefathers, the tombstone was transferred to Cruz family; where the spouses, Venancio and Bonifacia Cruz are buried up to this day. 

Tombstone of Feliciano-Lansangan
family

This abandoned tombstone where the remains of spouses, Jose P. Feliciano and his first wife, Rosa Lansangan formerly located. Their remains are transferred to their family owned, Magalang Memorial Park. 

Tombstone of Punzalan family. 

This tombstone which I located behind of the cemetery was probably abandoned and full of trash. It  is owned by the Punzalan family. 

Tombstone of Don Andres Yutuc

This beautiful tombstone, is where the remains of Don Andres Yutuc, and his wife are located, on the eastern part of the Catholic Cemetery. 

Tombstone of Rosa Dalusung Luciano

This tombstone with a inscription of "Oseng", is where the remains of Rosa Dalusung de Luciano are formerly located. Oseng is the second wife of Don Antonio Y. Luciano, municipal president of Magalang (1923-1925). One of their granddaughter, Elizabeth Ann Jolene Luciano Winsett, better known as Liza Lorena, is one of the veteran actresses of Philippine cinema. Liza's son, Tonton Gutierrez is a well known matinee idol, and one of the prime actors of Philippine cinema.  

Tombstone of Doña Miguela Y. Luciano

This tombstone besides the tombstone of Rosa Dalusung Luciano, is where the remains of Doña Miguela Y. Luciano are located. Doña Miguela is a sister of Don Antonio Y. Luciano, husband of Rosa. She remained unmarried until she died in 1951. 

Tombstone of Agustin family

This tombstone is where the remains of certain Claudia Florentino and Juan M. Agustin are located. Interestingly, the inscription of Claudia Florentino is written in Kapampangan. Meanwhile, Juan M. Agustin is a known baker hailed from Angeles. He settled in Magalang, and he established one of the first bakeries in Magalang. 

Tombstone of Ordonez family

This tall tombstone is where the remains of Maria Ordonez is located. The Ordonezes are also well known in baking and pastries in Magalang. They also established one of the first bakeries in Magalang during pre-war. 

Tombstone of Lacson-Laxamana family

This pillar inspired tombstone is where the remains of Don Leopoldo Pamintuan Lacson are formerly located. In this tomb also, where the remains of his two wives named Regina Laxamana de Lacson and Ana Tumang Vda. de Lacson are also formerly located. In 1970, my late grandfather, Bartolome Miranda Lacson was also buried here; until their remains are transferred to Magalang Memorial Park in 2015. 

Tombstone of Don Feliciano Calaguas

This old tombstone, located in the eastern part of the Catholic Cemetery is where the remains of Don Feliciano Calaguas and his wife are buried. 

Tombstone of Dayrit family

This tombstone is where the remains of the members of the illustrious Dayrit family of Magalang are located.

Source:

Bartolo, Louie Aldrin L. (2016) The Magalang Book: The Historical Life and Culture of a Kapampangan Town (1605-2015), National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Manila. 

Cementerios, (1805-1945) Magalang, Pampanga (Box34.B.4, Folder 3), Archdiocese of Manila Archives.  

59. SACRED FRANCISCAN RELICS OF MAGALANG

Original Image of San Francisco
Padre Pio Chapel

When I launched this blog in November 5, 2016, the articles in this blog are merely focused on historical events, places and persons of Magalang. However, due to the objectives of this blog, it is not only the historical background of Magalang will feature and posted, it will also includes the rich culture and interesting spots located in this agricultural town. 

In Magalang, there are several religious spots that have been frequently visited by the pilgrims. During Holy Week, pilgrims who are seeking serenity, they are climbing the foothills of Mt. Arayat to pray and visit large life statues of stations of the cross of Banal a Bunduk, Dalan ning Krus located in Orchard Village in barrio Ayala. During Fridays, Magaleños and outsiders are flocking to a small chapel of miraculous San Agustin. San Bartolome Parish Church is frequently visited not only on being a heritage church, but also to the relic of town's patron saint. And lastly, the devotees also visiting the Malugud farm, located in barrio San Nicolas; where the replicas of Our Lady of Peñafrancia and Divino Rostro are enshrined. 

In barrio San Francisco, located also in Magalang, we are not aware, that are also several miraculous relics are enshrined on its barrio chapels. Due to the efforts of former parish priest, Rev. Fr. Jowel Jomarsus P. Gatus, several relics of famous Franciscan saints are enshrined on its barrio chapels, and the devotees are starting flocking on its chapels to offer prayers and seeking their intercession. These are the lists of church and chapels where the Franciscan relics are located: 

RELIC OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI

Lord's Epiphany Parish, Angeles-Magalang Road, San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga

The relic of barrio's patron saint, San Francisco de Assisi was formally enshrined in September 25, 2016 by Archbishop Florentino G. Lavarias, D.D. The sacred relic is a first class relic, containing pieces of bone and staff of San Francisco de Assisi. The visitation of the relic is open every Tuesday. A holy mass is also held on the same day every 6pm. The veneration of the relic is held every Tuesdays, after 6pm mass, tridum masses and the feast day of the saint every October 4. 

RELIC OF ST CLAIRE OF ASSISI 

Sta Clara ning Assisi Chapel, Sitio Tambacan, San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga

This second class relic of St. Claire of Assisi is containing a small fragment of her veil. St. Claire is well known companion of St. Francis of Assisi and foundress of religious order, the Poor Clares. Alongside with the relic of St. Padre Pio, it was formally enshrined in July 21, 2017. Visitation of the relic is open every Thursday; and its veneration is held during its feast day, on August 11. 

RELIC OF ST. PADRE PIO OF PIETRELCINA

St. Padre Pio Chapel, Sitio Mabato Bato, San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga

The first class relic of St. Padre Pio, alongside with the relic of St. Claire of Assisi was installed in July 21, 2017. The relic of well known stigmatist saint is containing of his hair fragments. Visitation of the relic is open during Thursday, 8:00am to 7:00pm. A holy mass and veneration of the relic is held during 3rd Thursday of every month in 6pm,; and during its tridum masses and feast day in September 23. 

Photo Credits:

Altar of Sta Clara ning Assisi chapel; Lord's Epiphany Parish Facebook page.

Altar of St. Padre Pio chapel; provided by Mr. Jener C. Lacson  

56. SERIAL KILLER PRIEST OF MAGALANG

In 1812, when the parish of Magalang was still under secular control, a young but ambitious secular priest was installed. Fr. Juan Severino Mallari took the helm until he was relieved in 1826. His brief biography was initially written by the psychiatrist turned-historian, Dr. Luciano P.R. Santiago. According to his findings, Fr. Mallari was born in Macabebe, Pampanga. He took his solemn profession at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas. He was ordained in 1809, and he was appointed as a coadjutor (assistant parish priest) of Gapan, Lubao and Bacolor. He later competed for the position of a parish priest in parishes of Orani, Mariveles, Lubao, and as chaplain of Port of Cavite. After  several attempts, he was successfully included to the terna, but, he was never chosen by the higher authorities for those positions. Later, he finally attained his status as a full pledge parish in the sleepy and large town of Magalang. The town itself was still in the second town proper located in San Bartolome (later, it will be known as Balen Melacuan). During his tenure in Magalang, Fr. Mallari sought some relief from the stresses of his priestly life. However, a series of unexplained murders surfaced in Magalang on different occasions. A total of 57 residents of Magalang were killed over a period of ten years; without the perpetrator being arrested or even identified. No wonder, it was Fr. Mallari who was the perpetrator. In 1826, he was arrested and imprisoned like a common criminal. Even the Spanish chronicler Sinibaldo de Mas wrote that "the attorney on that case talked in pathetic terms of the indescribable and barbarous prodigality of blood shed by that monster". According to some accounts, Fr. Mallari claimed that he had murdered his parishioners "because he believed that he could by this means save his mother who, he persuaded himself, had been bewitched. After the verdict was served, in 1840, he was executed by hanging, making him the first Filipino priest executed by the Spanish colonial government. The execution of the triumvirate, Gomburza took place later in 1872. The case of Fr. Mallari is an example of the Indios' "natural tendency to believe all the ghost stories they were so fond of telling". Dr. Santiago added that Fr. Mallari was a "victim of injustice" because Spain had already pioneered the humane treatment of mental patients, having founded one of the first psychiatric institutions in Europe. In the Philippines, Hospicio de San Jose had already operating for 15 years, so the priest should have been taken there instead of the prison. Despite his tragic life, Fr. Mallari had exemplary skills, thus he was also the second Filipino priest who is a calligraphic artist. A contemporary of another Filipino calligraphic artist, Fr. Anselmo Fajardo; his surviving works (1816 and 1821) were done in the same period as his other older contemporary, Fr. Hipolito. In contrast to the latter, he limned vines of flowers and boy angels with short haircuts, perched on whorls of clouds, which are charming examples of folk art. 

Photo Credits:

Nemesis of Neglect, an image of social destitution manifested as Jack the Ripper. Punch cartoon of 1888 by John Tenniel. www.wikipedia.com 

Sources:

Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Kapampangan Pioneers, Angeles City, Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, 2002. 

Tantingco, Robby P., The Serial Killer Priest of Magalang, Singsing Vol. 7. No. 1., Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City, 2017. 

54. REMEMBERING THE SOULS OF THE BELOVED DEATH

In Magalang, there are different customs and traditions pertaining to their love ones, who are departed. In this post, it will show some photographs and print ups that reminisce and remember the death of our love ones; and even the lost traditions in regards to the departed. 

Obituario

When the departed is rich, an obituario will publish in either local or national newspapers. A very good example of an obituario is the announcement of the death of Doña Concepcion M. Luciano, first wife of historian, Don Mariano A. Henson of Angeles, Pampanga. It was published in the Spanish daily, La Vanguardia dated April 10, 1935. When the dead is poor, their relatives and friends will eventually informed and they immediately go to the wake, to pay last respects for the dead. 

Recuerdo de Patay of dead old woman from Magalang

After the announcement of the departed, if the dead is poor, his/her remains will be put on their death bed or in a mat, and it will stay their for a day until his/her burial. If the dead is rich, the family will contracted the best funeral service, and the wake will last two or three days. A lost tradition, the corpse will be pictured and they will serve as their souvenirs for their relatives and friends. These pictures called recuerdo de patay will also used during the death anniversaries of the dead. They will put the dead pictures in front of the altar and they will lit two candles in each side; and the relatives will offer prayers for the soul of the dead. During the wake, relatives of the departed are often pray pasiyam or nine days of praying for the departed soul. Young boys and girls during the wake, will play bulaklakan and talubangan, which they will ask questions using riddles and their answers have double meanings. 

Funeral of Dr. Andres J. Luciano, 1959

When the remains of the departed is set to be buried, if the dead is poor, his/her remains will put to the  wooden coffin, which his/her relatives prepared it overnight. While the rich, are prefer to pay the services of funeral parlors to make the funeral more solemn and lavish.

Necrological Service at San Bartolome Church

The remains of the departed will eventually bring to the church for a requiem mass and blessing of the corpse. A plegaria will be took place, which they announce the departed. Unfortunately, this precious tradition of the Magaleños eventually stopped; and the last plegaria took place way back 2002! The plegaria is a sign expressed sorrow and grief over the loss of the loved ones through the tolls of church bells. If the departed is man, a low but powerful toll of the largest or stationary bell you will heard; while a thin and high pitched toll is for the female. The plegaria will eventually stop, as soon as the funeral procession is out of sight. The plegaria, by rule are only reserved for the adults. If the deceased is a child, the small bell is struck three times followed by one stroke of the big bell. This is repeated three times then followed by the alternate ringing of the small and big bell. The peal is remarkably joyous, signifying the innocence of the departed and his/her sure entry into heaven.

Tombstone of Agustin family

After the mass and blessing of the corpse, the funeral procession will continue all the way to the cemetery. A solemn and lavish procession will be happen, if the dead is rich. If the dead is poor, the priest will be called, and the blessing of the corpse will took place on his house, before the burial. And their remains will brought either to cementerio catolico or in the cementerio municipal for the burial of the dead. Sometimes, the dead, especially if he/she is a rich, will also buried inside the church; thus during earlier times, the thick walls and even the base of the retablo of San Bartolome Church also filled with lapidas, written in Spanish. During the major renovation of the church in 1960s, the remains of the dead were eventually transferred to the columbarium, in the backyard of the belfry. 

Invitation for the Death Anniversary of Doña Raymunda S. Lacson

And finally, when the death anniversary of the departed came; the rich will offer mass and they will prepare a banquet for their family members and friends. The poor likewise i said, they will put the dead pictures or recuerdos de patay in front of the altar and they will lit two candles in each side; and the relatives will offer prayers for the soul of the dead. A week before the daun, mangaladua or gosu will put place; when old folks are going to every household to ask alms for the dead; and all of the proceeds will be brought to the church, as offering for the mass to the dead. During daun or All Saints' Day, the relatives of the departed will be go to the cemetery, they will clear and repaint the tombstones and mausoleums, and they will lit candles, offer flowers and prayers for the souls of their beloved death. 

Photo Credits:

The funeral photo of the dead woman, Dr. Andres J. Luciano, and the invitation of the couple Andres P. Feliciano and Maria L. Paras, courtesy of Mrs. Josefina M. Castro.

The funeral of the unidentified person in front of San Bartolome Church, courtesy of Dr. Ignacio P. Morales. 

Obituario of Doña Concepcion Luciano de Henson, La Vanguardia, April 10, 1935.

Source:

Tantingco, Robby P., Caragatan: Love in Time of Death; https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10156393794963204&set=a.10152148866553204&type=3&theater, Retrieved: October 18, 2019.

Lingad-Mayrina, Kaye and Lingat, Arwin Paul A.;Tigtig Campana: For Whom the Bells Tolled, Flores para Los Frailes: The Augustinians in Pampanga, Singsing, Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Sto. Rosario St., Angeles City. 

49. PLAZA DE LA LIBERTAD OF MAGALANG

Plaza de la Libertad during Commonwealth Government Inauguration c. 1935

In this town, Plaza de la Libertad or Freedom Park is one of the famous landmarks located on the center of the town proper. It is sandwiched between by two famous landmarks, the San Bartolome Church on the west side and the Casa Tribunal known today as municipio on the east side. We are fortunate that Magalang has the only one of this kind of plaza in the whole Pampanga. According to the Luther Parker collections, the plaza was constructed around 1864. It was mentioned that the plaza was planted with beautiful Dapdap trees which marked the its demarcation. Spanish authorities in those times patterned the new town proper to other town proper models in Spain. Plaza de la Libertad witnessed some of the important historical events that happened in Magalang. In this plaza, where Fr. Ignacio Manzanares, OSA celebrated its first mass after the transfer of Magalang from barrio San Bartolome. It is the same person also who led the transfer of Magalang together with some prominent families. In 1868, it was attacked and burned by the bandits led by the notorious bandit leader, Isidoro Guinto. After they burned the plaza, they proceed to the church convent where they ambushed Fr. Ramon Sarrionandia, OSA, who started the construction of the present church edifice. Fortunately, Fr. Sarrionandia survived the ambush. During the revolutionary period, the plaza was made into brief battleground, the forces of the rebel officer, Pedro Pedroche positioned in the plaza and they attacked the positions of Colonel Lorenzo D. Camaya who was holed up inside the church convent, together with his Spanish prisoners. And when the Americans captured Magalang in November 5, 1899, Major General Arthur MacArthur personally ordered the burning of plaza and the rest of the town proper. 

Plaza de la Libertad during Bonifacio Day c. 1925

During American period, the plaza was become a place for every social occasions. In this period, when the beautiful gloriettas were added. Political rallies and campaigns were held in this plaza; lavish balls of social elite groups like Mountain Side club, were also held in this plaza. Some prominent politicians and businessman attended the annual ball of the club like presidents Sergio Osmeña and Manuel A. Roxas; Senator Benigno Aquino Sr., Jose Abad Santos and other handful of prominent persons in different fields. In this plaza, where the town's oldest statue of Dr. Jose P. Rizal was constructed; through the efforts of local civic organization, Katipunan Mipanampun in 1923. During the socialist uproar in 1937, numerous peasants marched also in this plaza to air their discontent regarding to their conditions as tillers. During Japanese occupation, Japanese officers and local officials of Magalang held their political rallies here in this plaza to encourage the Magaleños to support the cause of Japanese sponsored government. During the liberation, American tanks were positioned in the plaza to contain the remaining Japanese forces in the town. 

Plaza de la Libertad c. 1963

After the war, the plaza was still used for different social gatherings of the town. In this plaza where the one of the darkest episodes of Magalang happened. On the night of December 28, 1963, the alleged hit men of Faustino del Mundo popularly known as Commander Sumulong assassinated the Magalang's beloved mayor, Benedicto T. Dayrit. Shortly, after his death, the local officials decided to rename the plaza into Benedicto T. Dayrit Plaza. It was reverted back to the original name later years. In this year also when the Mountain Side Club ceased to exist due to the trauma of the assassination. In 1979, the plaza was initially cited through the help of cinema. The classic movie, Ina, Kapatid, Anak held their some movie scenes in the plaza. In the same period were the well known mushroom edifices were added and native pine trees were planted replacing the old Dapdap trees. Recently, some scenes of the television drama show, The Good Son were also shot here in this plaza  

Plaza de la Libertad c. 2011. Shot from the church belfry

Today, the plaza was popularly known to the present generation as patio. The last renovation of the plaza was taken place in 1994. The huge salakot shaped covered court was later added. The plaza was still known today for the venue of campaign sorties of local officials during election period, religious gatherings, and other social events. Recently, it was again utilized for the celebration of town fiesta particularly for colorful festivals and events. The plaza was also venue for students from different schools in Magalang for conducting their practices for their school activities, plus, a dating place for couples! The sides of the plaza was known for baratillo later known as tiangge during town fiesta and Christmas season. This year, the municipal government initiated the major renovation project of the plaza. I wished that this project will become successful, and we must not forget the reminders and contributions of the Plaza de la Libertad not only to our local history, but also to us, as Magaleños. 

Photo Credits:

Plaza de la Libertad during Commonwealth Government Inauguration c. 1935, provided by Mrs. Josefina M. Castro. Note that another identical photo is in the possession of Mr. Alex R. Castro. 

Plaza de la Libertad during Bonifacio day c. 1925, provided by Mrs. Josefina M. Castro. 

Plaza de la Libertad c. 1963 taken from Capagmasusian Qng Aldo Pangasilang ning Magalang, Diciembre 28-29, 1963. 

Plaza de la Libertad c. 2011 from the possession of the author. 

Sources:

Bartolo, Louie Aldrin L. and Dizon, Lino L.; The Magalang Book: The Historical Life and Culture of a Kapampangan Town (1605-2015); Manila, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2016.

Documentos Historicos del Municipio de Magalang, Pampanga, Islas Filipinas, 1909, 1911, Luther Parker Collections, Box No. 3, Folder No. 56, Document No. 320, University of the Philippines Library, Diliman, Quezon City.

Magaleño Social Elite Clubs, www.amlatmagaleno.blogspot.com.  

  

    

41. SAN BARTOLOME APOSTOL OF MAGALANG

Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew the Apostle 

St. Bartholomew the Apostle also known as San Bartolome Apostol is the patron saint of Magalang. Every August 24, we celebrate his feast day; commemorating his sacrifices and martyrdom to spread the good news of our Lord. But, who is St. Bartholomew? How he was one of the twelve apostles of the Lord? According to Biblical narratives especially in John 1:43-51, Bartholomew was known also as Nathanael. His connection to the Lord started when his friend Philip who later became also one of the apostles; told him, "We have found the one whom Moses wrote about in the Book of the Law and whom the prophets also wrote about". Nathanael, known for being frank and skeptical was attracted by Philip's remark. "Can anything good come from the Nazareth?". Neverthless, Philip persuaded Nathanael to see Jesus; and when Jesus saw Nathanael, he said that he was the "true Israelite, incapable of deceit". Then Nathanael asked Jesus, "How did you know me?". Jesus answered that he saw under the fig tree before Philip called him. Then Nathanael told Jesus, "You are the son of God and king of Israel". Jesus told Nathanael that "You will see greater things than these".  Then Nathanael started to follow Jesus. When the apostles were commissioned, Bartholomew and Judas Thaddaeus introduced Christianity to Armenia. He converted Polymius, king of Armenia to Christianity. Astyages, Polymius's brother consequently ordered Bartholomew's execution. According to traditions, he was flayed alive and beheaded. Other sources said that he was even crucified downward.

Image of San Jose (left) and the original image of
San Bartolome Apostol (right)
(San Bartolome Parish, Magalang, Pampanga)

When the Augustinians established Magalang on April 30, 1605, it was placed under the protection of San Bartolome Apostol. Many years had passed, Magaleños revered San Bartolome as their protector during revolts, wars, and calamities. As remarked by Louis A. Stone, an American soldier of Company I, 41st Infantry stationed in Magalang church convent in 1901, he observed the sacredness of Magaleños during the feast of San Bartolome. He remarked that, "Nothing much of interest happened in San Pedro de Magalang, until the twenty fourth of August, then, there came a sacred celebration of St. Bartholomew's day by the natives of this little mountain town. Long day before, they started their music and processions all over the town. Being assisted by all natives around the town and the nearby villages, they had been preparing for this grand feast for several days. And when the time came for the celebration, they were ready. After marching around the town for a while, and playing their national airs, they repaired to the church and there, went through a solemn service for an hour or two, in memory of their departed saint. After which they all went to their homes of their friends, where the fattened calf had been killed, and the feast was consumed with considerable appetite ". 

 Image of San Bartolome Apostol
located in San Bartolome Chapel, San Bartolome,
Concepcion, Tarlac.

San Bartolome's old image in San Bartolome Church in Magalang was carved during the administration of Fr. Fernando Vasquez, OSA, who was credited for the installation of the finishing touches of the church. The image itself was formerly located on the main altar of the church. However, due to preservation, it was placed in the old baptistery of the church. The features of this image are the apostle is holding a knife that was said to be used in flaying his skin, and a bible symbolizing its mission to carry the good news of the Lord. The old image of San Bartolome in barrio San Bartolome, Concepcion, Tarlac is said to be the original image of the old Magalang church located in the same place, and the former earned the moniker balen melacuan. According to a popular account, the said image was prevented by the old residents of San Bartolome from being brought by the group of settlers, transferring the town proper to the present site in barrio San Pedro in 1863. Thus, the image remained in barrio San Bartolome until the present. Its chapel was made up of stones taken from the old ruins of the old Magalang church flooded by the disastrous flood in 1863. The features of the image are the same as the old image of San Bartolome in Magalang, however, it has a bronze chain on his hand together with the bible and he standing above the falling Satan. 

Repository carrying the  bone relic of San Bartolome Apostol
located in San Bartolome Parish, Magalang

San Bartolome's relics are located in different parts of Europe. His large skin and many bones are initially located in the Cathedral of St. Bartholomew the Apostle in Lipari, Sicily, however they were transferred to the Basilica of San Bartolomeo in Benevento, Italy. A small part of the relics was given by Emperor Otto II to Rome and it was kept in the Basilica of San Bartolomeo, all'Isola in Rome.

A first-class relic of San Bartolome was recently enshrined in San Bartolome Parish in Magalang last 2017, and it is the first San Bartolome church all over the Philippines to have this sacred relic. This relic was taken from the bone of San Bartolome Apostol. The enshrinement of the relic was made possible, through the efforts of the former parish priest, Rev. Fr. Mario Sol M. Gabriel.

Miracles are attributed to San Bartolome in association with heavy objects. It was credited also for saving many lives in Magalang during Japanese occupation. San Bartolome is also the patron saint of tanners, shoemakers, butchers, and even persons with neurological diseases. San Bartolome together with San Judas Tadeo is the patron saint of Armenia. In the Philippines, aside from Magalang, the city of Malabon; Catbalogan, Samar; Nagcarlan, Laguna, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija, San Manuel, Pangasinan, and the small barrios of San Bartolome in Sta. Ana, Pampanga and San Bartolome, Sto Tomas, Pampanga is under the patronage also of San Bartolome Apostol. Some works of art are dedicated to San Bartolome. The famous is the masterpiece of Michaelangelo, The Last Judgement in Sistine Chapel, Vatican; where the image of San Bartolome was painted and he was holding a knife and his whole flayed skin bearing the likeness of Michaelangelo. The biggest and mellowest San Bartolome bell of San Bartolome Church in Magalang was also dedicated by the parish priest of Magalang, Fr. Fernando Vasquez, OSA, to San Bartolome crafted by Hilario Sunico in 1890.  

Photo Credits:

catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com

The remaining photos are came from the author's personal camera shots.

Sources:

Saint Bartholomew the Apostle skinned alive for spreading his faith by Corazon Damo Santiago, www.businessmirror.com.ph; issued, August 28, 2014.

Stone, Louis A., Two Years in the United States Volunteer Army, Or Around the World Under the Stars and Stripes, Webster Country Times, Clay Kentucky, 1901. page 65. 

37. EPISODES OF MAGALENO REVOLUTION

Every June 12 each year, the Philippines celebrates the one of the important dates in our Philippine history, the Independence Day. Our first president, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence from Spain in his balcony in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. However, it was only during the presidency of our own Kapampangan president Diosdado P. Macapagal moved the celebration from July 4 to June 12. Thus, many colorful celebrations were held throughout the Philippines, especially in the neighboring town of Angeles, whom it witnessed the first celebration of the Philippine independence in 1899. 

The town of Magalang is one of the historic places in Pampanga. Its contribution during the revolution is enormous, due to the valiant Magaleños who fought for the independence from Spain and its proximity to the historic places such as Camansi, located in Magalang side of Mt. Arayat. In line of commemoration of Philippine independence, these are the some important dates in Magalang in relation to the attaining independence:

September 8, 1896- a combined Filipino volunteers from Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija sucessfully crushed the group of revolutionaries in Magalang.

February 18, 1897- a plan was hatched in the house of Don Tomas Dizon (present site of Blessed Sacrament Chapel) to free Magalang from Spanish rule. The conspirators are Major Servillano Aquino, Lt. Lorenzo D. Camaya, Don Cayetano Rivera, Don Ladislao C. Dayrit and some local elite supporters such as Don Teopisto Ganzon, Don Daniel O. Lacson, Don Buenaventura Paras, Don Juan Feliciano and Don Paulino Gueco. 

August 29, 1897- a band of revolutionaries attacked Magalang, but it was repelled by the Spanish forces. Thirteen revolutionaries killed. 

November 27, 1897- the Spanish general, Ricardo Monet led two columns to capture the revolutionaries' base in Camansi. Despite of windy rainstorm, the two columns gained opposite edges of the plateau by ten o'clock in the morning. By eleven o'clock, the two columns encircled the revolutionaries led by General Francisco Macabulos; forced to abandon their first line of defense due to heavy resistance. The Spanish troops of Lt. Col. Jose Maria Olaguer Feliu lose 23 men; while those of Major Angel Fernandez lose 4 men and 19 injured. Aside from Macabulos, his wife Dorotea Pascual also holed up in Camansi; together with Magaleños, Candido Niceta, Carlos Guiao, and the Chinese general, Jose Ignacio Paua. 

November 28, 1897- the troops of Lt. Col. Olaguer Feliu resumed the battle to capture Camansi. They successfully captured the fort due to intense artillery bombing against the revolutionaries. The battled concluded with 93 revolutionaries dead, and numerous equipment with horses and carabaos were captured. However, General Macabulos and his subordinates especially Major Servillano Aquino escaped. 

May 8, 1898- to monitor the revolutionaries' movement in Mt. Arayat, an order was issued by General Ricardo Monet to construct blok haus located in barrio San Antonio. Heliograph towers was also constructed to send Morse code signals to other Spanish posts around Magalang. The surviving heliograph towers were still seen in barrios Sta Cruz and San Isidro, inside of Cariyana Monastery. These towers are recently declared as Important Cultural Properties by National Museum. 

June 26, 1898- the hostilities against Spaniards resumed. Magalang joined with the towns of Bacolor, Mexico, and Arayat and they swear their allegiance to Katipunan. On that day, the revolutionaries arrested the last Augustinian parish priest of Magalang, Fr. Pedro Diez Ubierna in Magalang church convent. He was brought to the town tribunal together with two Spaniards. It was reported that he was maltreated by the revolutionaries. 

December 18, 1898- some Spanish prisoners were taken to the Magalang church convent including the last Augustinian parish priest of San Fernando, Fr. Antonio Redondo. A fierce attack was conducted by the forces of Gen. Pedro Pedroche against the forces of Magaleño colonel Lorenzo D. Camaya in Magalang church convent. However, the attack was repelled. The Spanish prisoners were freed later in 1899 in orders of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Fr. Redondo died before the order was issued.   

Photo Credit:

www.onwar.com

Sources: 

Alcubierre, Casimiro, España en Filipinas, Los Ultimos Años Su De Dominacion en el Archipelago, El Imparcial, Manila, 1910 pages 52-55.

Bartolo, Louie Aldrin L. and Dizon, Lino L., The Magalang Book: The Historical Life and Culture of a Kapampangan Town (1605-2015), Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2016.

Dizon Lino L., Alaya, Kapampangan Research Journal; Juan D. Nepomuceno Center of Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City, 2008. page 152.

Joaquin, Nick, Aquinos of Tarlac, Manila, Solar Publishing Corporation, 1986.

Rodriguez-Prada, Fr. Jose, Memorias de Un Prisionero Durante La Revolucion Filipina, Imprenta de la Viuda e Hija de Gomez Fuentenebero, 1901.

The Philippine Rebellion, The Utica Observer, August 30, 1897.

Three Significant Battles in Pampanga by: Marco D. Nepomuceno https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.language.kapampangan/RwG5aML_fwc; Retrieved: June 10, 2017